When discussing agency, you may have to discuss ratification. Here is a skeleton outline. Then a sample is presented. 1. Actual Authority      a. Express      b. Implied. 2. Apparent Authority.  Then, discuss Ratification. Examples.  Let’s look at an actual example. This is from Question 4 of the February 2012 California Bar Exam. See Answer A. …

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The Dormant Commerce Clause. Imagine this: It’s Day 1 of exam day. You open the booklet for Essay 1 and it relates to something dealing with the Commerce Clause. You then ask yourself if you know the rule. What is the rule to the Commerce Clause besides “regulate channels”? You then remember a strong answer! …

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